UGC NTA NET/JRF Exam, Social Medicine & Community Health, June-2025

Let's arrange the major discoveries and theories in chronological order (oldest→ newest):

B. Germ Theory of Disease - Proposed by Louis Pasteur (1861), establishing that microorganisms cause infectious diseases - а foundation for modern microbiology.

D. Discovery of Cholera Vibrio - Robert Koch (1883) discovered Vibrio cholerae, identifying the causative organism of cholera.

A. Demonstration of transmission of African Sleeping Sickness by Tsetse fly - David Bruce (1895-1896) demonstrated that Trypanosoma brucei is transmitted by the tsetse fly.

C. Demonstration of transmission of malaria by Anopheles mosquito - Sir Ronald Ross (1897) established that Anopheles mosquitoes transmit malaria parasites. Thus, the correct sequence is: B → D → А → С.

As per the Dietary Guidelines for Indians, 2024 (ICMR-NIN), the recommended crude protein intake (g/day) for various groups is approximately:

B. Adult sedentary females: ~ 45 g/day
A. Adult sedentary males: ~ 55 g/day
D. Pregnant women: ~ 65 g/day
C. Boys (16-18 years): ~ 78 g/day
Arranging them in increasing order (lowest → highest): B → A → D → C.

Under the India Newborn Action Plan (INAР), levels of newborn care facilities are organized from lowest (peripheral) to highest (tertiary), providing a continuum of care for small and sick newborns:

B. Injectable Gentamicin by ANM for sepsis - Care at community/Sub-centre level by the Auxiliary Nurse Midwife (ANM) for newborns with possible severe bacterial infection.

C. Newborn Stabilization Unit (NBSU) - Located at Community Health Centres (CHCs) or equivalent facilities; for stabilization of sick newborns before referral.

A. Sick Newborn Care Unit (SNCU) – Located at District Hospitals; provides specialized care for small and sick newborns (not needing ventilator support).

D. Newborn Intensive Care Unit (NICU) - Located at tertiary-level hospitals/medical colleges, providing advanced neonatal care including ventilator support.
Hence, the correct order from lowest to highest level is: В → С→ A → D.

As per the National Urban Health Mission (NUHM) norms, the population catered by each urban health functionary/institution increases as we move from community-based structures to higher-level referral facilities:

C. Mahila Arogya Samiti (MAS) - Covers around 250-500 population (50-100 households); a community-based women's group for local health action.

B. Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA) - Caters to 1,000-2,500 population; serves as a link between the community and health system.

D. Urban - Ayushman Arogya Mandirs (U-AAMs) - One for every 50,000 population; provides primary health care at the Urban PHC level.

A. Urban Polyclinic - Serves 2,50,000-5,00,000 population; acts as a referral facility offering specialist services.
Hence, the correct order from lowest to highest population catered is: C → B → D → А.

According to the ICMR Nutritional Requirements for Indians (2020/2024 update), the saturated fatty acid (SFA) content of common edible fats and oils varies widely.

Here's the approximate SFA content for each:
B. Mustard oil: ~ 6-7% (lowest)
C. Groundnut oil: ~ 11-12%
D. Vanaspati (hydrogenated fat): ~ 20-25%
A. Coconut oil: ~ 85-90% (highest)
Hence, in increasing order of saturated fatty acid content (lowest → highest): B → C → D → A.

To measure inter-observer variation (agreement) between two independent observers classifying categorical data (e.g., "normal" vs. "abnormal" chest X-rays):

• Percent agreement provides a simple measure of how often both observers agree.
• Kappa statistic (K) quantifies agreement beyond chance, making it a more robust measure of reliability for categorical data.

Tests like the Student's t-test and Cronbach's alpha are not suitable here (they apply to means and internal consistency respectively). Therefore, both Percent agreement and Kappа statistic are appropriate for assessing interobserver variation.

Let's analyze each statement about Intrauterine Devices (IUDs):
A. The commonest complaint of women fitted with IUD is pain. Incorrect - The most common complaint is excessive menstrual bleeding, not pain (although pain and cramps may also occur).

B. Progestasert releases progesterone at the rate of around 65 mcg/day. Correct - The Progestasert IUD releases about 65 micrograms of progesterone per day for up to one year.

C. Levonorgestrel device has a pregnancy rate of around 0.2 per 100 women. Correct - The Levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) has a very low failure rate (~0.2 pregnancies per 100 women per year), making it one of the most effective reversible contraceptives.

D. Copper containing devices are associated with lower menstrual blood loss and fewer days of bleeding, as compared to levonorgestrel device. Incorrect - The opposite is true. Levonorgestrel IUDs reduce menstrual blood loss, while copper IUDs often increase bleeding and cramping.
Hence, the correct statements are: B and C only.

Under the Poshan Abhiyaan (National Nutrition Mission) launched in 2017, the main objectives and targets by 2022 were as follows:

A. Prevent and reduce stunting in children (0-6 years) by 6% (i.e., 2% per year).

B. Reduce and prevent under-nutrition and underweight prevalence in children (0-6 years) by 6% (2% per year).

C. Reduce anemia among children (6–59 months) by 9% (3% per year) (Not 6%).

D. Reduce low birth weight by 6% (2% per year)
Thus, the correct statements are A, B, and D only.

The ultimate goal of health communication is to bring about desired changes in behavior, which occur through learning across three well-known domains of learning:

A. Affective domain - Relates to attitudes, values, and emotions (e.g., developing motivation for healthy behavior).

B. Cognitive domain - Involves knowledge and intellectual understanding (e.g., learning about dısease prevention).

D. Psychomotor domain - Concerns physical skills and actions (e.g., learning to prepare ORS or wash hands properly).

C. Functional domain - Not recognized as one of the standard educational domains. Hence, the correct set of domains of learning are A, B, and D.

A Joint Family is a traditional extended family system where multiple generations live together, sharing common property, resources, and responsibilities.

B. Mutual rights and obligations - Correct. In a joint family, all members share economic and social responsibilities, contributing to and supporting the collective welfare of the entire household.

C. Common residence - Correct. The defining feature of a joint family is that several generations live under one roof or within a common household, maintaining close interactions.

A. Filocentric family - Incorrect. This is characteristic of a modern nuclear family, where the focus is primarily on the children, not a defining trait of traditional joint families.

D. Laxity in relationship - Incorrect. Relationships in joint families are strong, disciplined, and hierarchical, not relaxed or distant.
Hence, the correct answer is B and C only.