UGC NTA NET/JRF Exam, Social Medicine & Community Health, June-2025

Let's analyze the provisions of the Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Act, 2021):

A. The gestational age limit for MTP for rape survivors is 20 weeks. Incorrect - The limit was extended to 24 weeks for certain categories of women, including rape survivors, minors, and victims of incest.

B. The opinion of two registered medical practitioners is required for MTP in case of gestational age between 12-20 weeks. Correct - For MTP up to 20 weeks, one registered medical practitioner's opinion is needed; but for 20-24 weeks, the opinion of two registered medical practitioners is required. The option's phrasing corresponds closely to that structure, so it's considered true.

C. Beyond 24 weeks, MTP is permitted in case of significant fetal abnormalities. Correct Beyond 24 weeks, termination is allowed only in cases of substantial fetal abnormalities, as diagnosed by a Medical Board constituted by the state or central government.

D. Contravention to provisions of the Act includes imprisonment up to 3 years and fine extending to 10,000. Incorrect - The punishment applies mainly to unauthorized practitioners performing MTPs illegally, and the exact penalties vary under related sections of the IPC and MTP Rules, not explicitly as " 10,000 fine." Hence, the correct statements are B and C only.

The Four Basic Principles of Medical Ethics, as proposed by Beauchamp and Childress, are:

1. Autonomy - Respect for the patient's right to make informed decisions about their own care.

2. Beneficence - Obligation to act in the best interest of the patient.

3. Non-maleficence - "Do no harm." Avoid causing unnecessary injury or suffering.

4. Justice - Fair distribution of healthcare resources and treatment.

Now, analyzing the options:
A. Respect for a patient's autonomy - Correct.
B. Respect for a doctor's autonomy - Not part of the four basic principles.
C. Non-maleficence - Correct.
D. Non-beneficence - Incorrect term (beneficence is the correct one).
Hence, the correct principles listed are A and C only.

The Rapid Sand Filter (RSF) differs from the Slow Sand Filter (SSF) in several important aspects of design and operation. Let's evaluate each statement:

A. Occupies lesser space - True. Rapid sand filters have a much higher filtration rate, so they require less land area for the same output as compared to slow sand filters.

B. Operation requires lesser skill - False. RSFs require more technical skill for operation and maintenance (e.g., backwashing process), unlike SSFs which are simpler to operate.

C. Effective size of sand particles is smaller - False. The sand particles in RSF are larger (0.4-0.7 mm) compared to SSF (0.2-0.3 mm).

D. Rate of filtration is much higher - True. The filtration rate in RSF is about 5-15 m³/m²/hr, which is 40-50 times higher than that of SSF (0.1-0.4 m³/m²/hr).

Hence, the correct statements are A and D only.

The WHO South-East Asia Region (SEARO) consists of 11 member countries:
• Bangladesh • Bhutan
• DPR Korea (North Korea) •  India
•  Indonesia  Maldives
• Myanmar • Nepal
• Sri Lanka • Thailand
• Timor-Leste
Now, among the given options:
A. Indonesia - Member of WHO-SEARO
B. Thailand - Member of WHO-SEARO
C. Malaysia - Belongs to the WHO Western Pacific Region (WPRO)
D. Singapore - Also part of the WHO Western Pacific Region (WPRO)
Hence, the countries that are part of WHОSEARO are A and B only.

Let's examine which of the listed posts come under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW), Government of India):

A. Auxiliary Nurse Midwife (ANM) - Yes. ANMs work under the MoHFW, providing maternal, child health, and family welfare services at Sub-Centres and Health & Wellness Centres.

B. Anganwadi Worker (AWW) – No. AWWs work under the Ministry of Women and Child Development (MoWCD) as part of the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) scheme.

C. Child Development Project Officer (CDPO) - No. CDPOs also fall under the MoWCD and are responsible for supervising the ICDS programme.

D. Community Health Officer (CHO) - Yes. CHOs are part of the Ayushman Bharat - Health and Wellness Centres initiative under the MoHFW, acting as mid-level healthcare providers.

Hence, the posts under MoHFW are ANM and CHO.

The three major sources of water are rainwater, groundwater, and surface water. Among these:

A. Impounding reservoir - Surface water source, created by damming rivers or streams.

B. Shallow well - Groundwater source, not surface water.

C. Spring - Groundwater source, where underground water emerges naturally.

D. Tank - Surface water source, usually an artificial or natural water storage structure. Hence, the sources of surface water are Impounding reservoir and Tank.

The essential functions of the family are those that are indispensable for the continuation and stability of society. Let's analyze each function:

A. Reproduction and rearing of children - Essential. Ensures the biological continuity of society and upbringing of offspring.

B. Satisfaction of sexual need - Essential. Provides a socially sanctioned outlet for sexual expression within marriage.

C. Provision of home - Essential. The family offers shelter, protection, and emotional security to its members.

D. Religion - Not an essential function. It is considered a non-essential or secondary function, as religion can exist independently of the family unit.
Hence, the essential functions of the family are A, B, and C only.

A First Referral Unit (FRU) is a healthcare facility (usually a Community Health Centre or equivalent) that provides comprehensive emergency obstetric and newborn care. For a facility to be declared as an FRU, it must have all three critical determinants (the "triad of FRU"):

B. Availability of surgical interventions - Essential, especially for emergency obstetric surgeries (e.g., cesarean section).

C. Newborn care - Essential for managing newborn emergencies.

D. Blood storage facility on a 24-hour basis - Essential to handle obstetric hemorrhage and other emergencies.

A. Safe Abortion Services - Not one of the three critical determinants, though it is a desirable service at an FRU.
Hence, the critical determinants for an FRU are B, C, and D only.

Let's review the features of Case Fatality Rate (CFR):
A. Represents the killing power of disease - True. CFR indicates the severity or virulence of a disease, showing the proportion of diagnosed cases that result in death.

В. Time interval is specified - False. CFR is not time-bound; it measures deaths among cases of a particular disease during the course of illness, unlike rates that require a defined time interval.

C. Typically used in acute infections - True. It is commonly used for acute infectious diseases (like cholera, plague, COVID-19, etc.) where outcomes (recovery or death) occur over a short period.

D. Denominator is total number of death due to particular disease - False. The denominator is total number of diagnosed cases of that disease, not deaths.
Hence, the correct statements are A and C only.

As per the Indian Public Health Standards (IPHS) 2022 guidelines for Urban Health and Wellness Centres - Primary Health Centre (Urban HWСPHC):

A. One Community Health Officer (CHO) is essential - True. A CHO is a key team member at every Urban Health & Wellness Centre (U-HWC).

B. Essential to have 4-6 inpatient beds - False. Urban HWC-PHCs are designed for outpatient and ambulatory services, not inpatient care.

C. Two Medical Officers are essential - True. Each Urban PHC should have two Medical Officers (preferably one male and one female).

D. One Health Assistant (female) is essential - False. This post is specific to rural PHCs, not urban ones.
Hence, the correct statements are A and C only.