UGC NTA NET/JRF Exam, Social Work, August-2024

Armand L. Maas (1975) outlined the stages of a social movement as follows:
(e) Initiation: The movement begins as people recognize a shared issue or cause.
(a) Fusion: Individuals and smaller groups come together to create a unified force.
(d) Institutionalization: The movement develops formal structures and gains legitimacy. (c) Segmentation: Different factions may emerge within the movement.
(b) Intersection: The movement intersects with other causes or initiatives.

The process of recruiting human resources follows these steps:
(c) Identify organizational hiring needs.
(e) Prepare detailed job descriptions.
(a) Screen and shortlist candidates based on their qualifications.
(d) Conduct interviews to assess candidates.
(b) Evaluate performance and extend job offers.

W.W. Rostow's stages of economic growth proceed as follows:
(a) The traditional society: Agriculture and subsistence-based economy.
(e) Pre-conditions for take-off: Initiation of infrastructure and industry development.
(c) Take-off: Rapid industrialization and economic transformation.
(b) Drive to maturity: Diversified industrial economy and technological advancement.
(d) High mass consumption: Economy dominated by consumer goods and services.

The structural change model of community work emphasizes:
(a) Addressing inequalities and transforming grassroots conditions.
(b) Advocating alternative ideologies to challenge existing power structures.
(c) Linking micro-level issues to broader systemic contexts.
(d) Redistributing power and resources to create equity within communities.

Article 3 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that "Everyone has the right to life, liberty, and security of person."

This article is fundamental to human rights, emphasizing the intrinsic dignity and protection owed to every individual. It forms the basis for many national and international laws safeguarding human life and freedom.

The stages of child development in order are:
(c) Newborn : Birth to 2 months, characterized by rapid adaptation to the external environment.
(a) Infant: 2 months to 1 year, marked by motor skill development and sensory exploration.
(b) Toddler : 1 to 3 years, focusing on mobility and basic independence.
(d) Pre-school : 3 to 5 years, involving socialization and early cognitive skills.
(e) School Age : 6 years and above, highlighting academic learning and complex social interactions.

Social insurance refers to a system where workers, employers, and the government contribute to a fund.

It provides financial protection against risks like old age, unemployment, and illness. Examples include pensions, unemployment insurance, and health insurance.

Development as Freedom is authored by Amartya Sen. The book emphasizes development as a means to expand human freedoms rather than just economic growth. It discusses how freedom is both the primary end and the principal means of development.

Iris Marion Young identifies the five faces of oppression as follows:
(d) Exploitation: Unequal distribution of wealth and labour.
(b) Marginalization: Exclusion of certain groups from societal participation.
(a) Powerlessness: Lack of decision-making power and autonomy.
(e) Cultural Imperialism: Dominance of one group's culture over others.
(c) Violence: Physical harm or threats targeting specific groups.

Collective behaviour thrives under conditions like:
(A) Institutionalized segregation and exploitation creating shared grievances.
(B) Dissonance in societal values sparking collective action.
(C) Emergence of a new leader uniting and inspiring groups.
(D) Individual goals and achievements are not conducive to collective behaviour as they focus on personal aspirations rather than shared objectives.