UGC NTA NET/JRF Exam, Social Work, June-2023

(d) Years of schooling: This variable is measured on a ratio scale. The ratio scale has a true zero point, which means that the value "O" represents the absence of the variable being measured.

In the case of years of schooling, a person with 0 year of schooling has not received any education. Additionally, the intervals between different levels (e.g., 2 years of schooling vs. 4 years of schooling) are meaningful and consistent.

(e) Annual income: Annual income is also measured on a ratio scale. Like years of schooling, it has a true zero point, which represents the absence of income (no income). This zero point allows for meaningful calculations, such as ratios.

For example, an income of $10,000 is twice as much as an income of $5,000. The intervals between income levels are consistent, and the scale allows for meaningful mathematical operations.

Both years of schooling and annual income are examples of variables measured on a ratio scale, making them suitable for more advanced statistical analyses and providing a richer level of information compared to variables measured on ordinal or nominal scales.

(a) Chi-square: The chi-square test is an inferential statistical test used to determine if there is a significant association between two categorical variables.

It is often employed in situations where researchers want to assess whether there is a relationship between the observed and expected frequencies in a contingency table.

(d) T-test: The t-test is an inferential statistical test used to determine if there is a significant difference between the means of two groups.

There are different types of t-tests, including the independent samples t-test (comparing means of two independent groups) and the paired samples t-test (comparing means of two related groups).

(e) Correlation: Correlation is a statistical technique used to measure the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two continuous variables. It helps assess whether changes in one variable are associated with changes in another variable.

While correlation itself is more descriptive, it is often used as a preliminary step in inferential statistics to inform hypotheses about the relationships between variables.

(a) Single-subject designs are essentially quasi-experimental designs: Quasiexperimental designs share some characteristics with experimental designs but lack true random assignment of participants to groups.

Single-subject designs are considered quasi-experimental because they involve the manipulation of an independent variable to observe its effect on a dependent variable, but they typically focus on individual subjects rather than groups.

(c) These designs use repeated measures of the dependent variable: Single-subject designs often employ repeated measures of the dependent variable. This means that the same participant's behavior is measured multiple times under different experimental conditions.

This repeated measurement allows researchers to observe changes in behavior within the same individual across different phases or interventions.

(d) These designs use time series analysis techniques: While not all single-subject designs exclusively use time series analysis, they can involve the analysis of data collected over time. Time series analysis is a statistical method used to examine patterns or trends in data over successive time points.

In single-subject designs, researchers may use time series analysis to explore the impact of interventions or treatments on the behaviour of an individual participant over time.

Single-subject designs share characteristics with quasi-experimental designs, involve repeated measures of the dependent variable, and may incorporate time series analysis techniques when examining the impact of interventions on individual subjects' behaviour over time.

(b) Editing of the entries: Editing involves the careful review of the collected data to identify and correct errors, inconsistencies, or inaccuracies.

This can include checking for missing values, outliers, or any data entry mistakes. The goal is to ensure that the data is accurate and reliable before proceeding with further analysis.

(c) Coding of data: Coding is the process of assigning numerical or categorical codes to the raw data. This is often done to convert qualitative information into a format suitable for analysis.

For example, converting gender information from "male" and "female" to numerical codes (e.g., 1 for male, 2 for female) allows for statistical calculations and comparisons.

(d) Computing the series: Computing involves performing various calculations on the data to derive meaningful statistics or measures. This can include calculating averages, sums, percentages, or other statistical indicators.

For example, computing the average score on a set of test results or calculating the total sales for a specific period are

(b) It responds to the needs of society: Social welfare institutions are established to address the various needs and challenges within a society.

These needs can encompass a wide range of issues, including economic hardship, healthcare, education, housing, and more. The goal is to create programs and services that respond effectively to the pressing needs of individuals and communities.

(c) It emphasizes on economic and social well-being: While this specific statement is not explicitly mentioned in the options, it is a common goal of social welfare institutions.

These institutions often aim to improve both the economic and social well-being of individuals and communities. This may involve implementing policies and programs that address poverty, unemployment, inequality, and other factors affecting overall well-being.

(d) It provides an opportunity to participate fully in society: Social welfare institutions seek to create opportunities for individuals to participate fully in society.

This involves removing barriers that may hinder participation, promoting inclusivity, and ensuring that everyone has access to the resources and support needed to engage actively in social, economic, and cultural aspects of community life.

(a) Have least impact on the environment: Sustainable practices prioritize minimizing negative impacts on the environment, This involves adopting practices that reduce resource consumption, minimize pollution, and promote conservation.

The goal is to maintain ecological balance and preserve natural resources for future generations.

(b) Also be profitable and practical for self-survival: Sustainability is not only about environmental concerns but also about economic viability. Practices that are economically sustainable are more likely to be adopted and maintained over the long term.

This ensures that individuals, businesses, or communities can support themselves economically while engaging in sustainable practices.

(d) Be a socially acceptable method or practice: Social acceptance is a critical component of sustainability. Sustainable practices should align with societal values, cultural norms, and community expectations.

Practices that are socially acceptable are more likely to be embraced by communities, fostering collaboration and widespread adoption.

NITI Aayog's entire gamut of activities can be devided into four main heads:

(b) Policy and Programme Framework: As a crucial architect of national planning, NITI Aayog doesn't merely draft policies; it actively conceptualizes, analyzes, and refines strategic frameworks tailored to address India's diverse and evolving needs.

Its focus ranges from economic growth and infrastructure development to human capital development and environmental sustainability.

This involves collaborating with ministries, states, and stakeholders to ensure comprehensive and coordinated policymaking.

(c) Cooperative Federalism: NITI Aayog acts as a bridge between the central government and Indian states, fostering a spirit of cooperative federalism.

It facilitates a platform for open dialogue, joint initiatives, and knowledge sharing across different levels of administration. This strengthens collaborative development efforts, tackling regional challenges and promoting balanced progress across the nation.

(d) Monitoring and Evaluations: NITI Aayog serves as a vigilant watchdog, regularly assessing the effectiveness of government programs and schemes.

It employs rigorous monitoring mechanisms and robust evaluations to analyze their impact, identify bottlenecks, and recommend course corrections.
This ensures efficient utilization of resources and drives continuous improvement in program delivery.

(e) Think Tank and Knowledge and Innovation Hub: NITI Aayog transcends its operational functions and embodies a dynamic think tank.

It serves as a crucible for innovative ideas, generating high-quality research and analysis on critical development issues.

This knowledge is then disseminated through reports, publications, and conferences, influencing policy debates and shaping informed decision-making across the nation.

Recognizing the vital role of innovation in propelling India's progress, NITI Aayog actively fosters a culture of entrepreneurship.

(c) Injustice: The term "Injustice" is not explicitly identified as one of the original "Giants" in the Beveridge Report. The Beveridge Report, published in 1942, focused on five social issues or "Giants" that needed to be addressed to build a comprehensive welfare state.

These were Want (poverty), Disease, Ignorance (lack of education), Squalor (poor housing), and Idleness (unemployment). "Injustice" wasn't specifically listed among these key challenges.

(e) Poverty and Misery: "Poverty" aligns with the concept of "Want" in the Beveridge Report, which emphasized the need to eradicate economic deprivation and ensure a basic standard of living for all citizens.

While the term "Misery" is not explicitly mentioned as one of the original "Giants," it could be interpreted as encompassing the broader notion of social distress or suffering related to the other identified challenges (poverty, disease, lack of education, poor housing, and unemployment).

(c)  To develop community consciousness: This objective involves fostering a sense of community identity, shared values, and collective awareness among community members.

It seeks to build a strong community spirit, where individuals recognize their interconnectedness and work together for the common good. Developing community consciousness is essential for promoting a sense of belonging and mutual support within the community.

(d) To encourage community participation: This objective aims to actively involve community members in decision-making processes and activities that impact the community.

Community organization seeks to empower individuals to participate in planning, implementing, and evaluating initiatives that address the community's needs and aspirations. The goal is to ensure that community members have a voice in shaping their own future.

(e) To develop leadership in the community: Community organization aims to identify, nurture, and develop leadership within the community. This involves empowering individuals to take on leadership roles, advocate for community interests, and mobilize others for collective action.

Developing leadership enhances the community's capacity to initiate positive changes and sustain ongoing development efforts.

(a) Protection of children from Sexual Offences Act was amended in 2019 to include life imprisonment for aggravated sexual assault: The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act is a legal framework in India aimed at addressing sexual offenses against children.

In 2019, the Act was amended to strengthen the provisions and increase the penalties for offenses against children. The amendment introduced life imprisonment as a punishment for aggravated sexual assault, providing a more stringent deterrent against such heinous crimes.

This amendment reflects the government's commitment to enhancing the protection of children from sexual offenses.

(b) Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao scheme introduced for protecting the girl child: Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao (Save the Daughter, Educate the Daughter) is a social campaign initiated by the Government of India to address gender imbalances and promote the welfare of the girl child.

The scheme focuses on preventing gender-based sexselective practices, ensuring the survival and education of the girl child, and empowering her.

Through awareness campaigns, financial incentives, and educational initiatives, Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao aims to create a supportive environment for the well-being and development of girls, addressing societal attitudes that may discriminate against them.