UGC NTA NET/JRF Exam, Social Work, June-2025

Tony Blair, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Labour Party leader, delivered a keynote speech at the Labour Party annual conference where "community" was the 'central theme.

His phrase "One Nation, One Community" highlighted a vision of Britain where all sections of society work together, transcending class and regional divides.

This speech aligned with Blair's "Third Way" politics, blending social justice with economic reform, and sought to strengthen national unity while maintaining Labour's commitment to progressive values.

The Beti Bachao-Beti Padhao (BBBP) scheme was launched on 22 January 2015 in Panipat, Haryana by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.

The choice of Panipat was significant because Haryana historically recorded one of India's lowest child sex ratios. The programme aims to:

• Address the declining Child Sex Ratio (CSR).
• Ensure survival, protection, and education of the girl child.
• Promote awareness and improve the efficiency of welfare services for girls.

It works through a multi-sectoral approach, involving the Ministries of Women and Child Development, Health & Family Welfare, and Education.

Arranged according to the official numbering of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) adopted by the UN in 2015:

C. No Poverty - SDG 1: The first and foundational goal, eliminating extreme poverty globally.
B. Gender Equality - SDG 5: Ensures equal opportunities, rights, and empowerment for women and girls.
E. Reduced Inequalities - SDG 10: Targets reducing income and opportunity gaps among and within countries.
D. Climate Action - SDG 13: Urges immediate steps to combat climate change and its impacts.
A. Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions - SDG 16: Promotes peaceful societies, accessible justice, and accountable institutions.
Ascending order: 1→5→10→13 →16, or C→B→ED→А.

The Stages of Change (Transtheoretical Model) explain behavioural change progression:
A. Pre-contemplation → II. Not seeing a problem: Individuals are unaware or in denial about a problematic behaviour.

B. Contemplation →I. Seeing a problem and considering whether to act: Awareness grows, and the person weighs pros and cons of change.

C. Preparation → IV. Making concrete plans to act soon: Commitment develops, and specific strategies or small steps are planned.

D. Action → III. Doing something to change: The individual actively modifies behaviour and environment to implement change.
This mapping helps counsellors tailor interventions based on readiness for change.

The International Labour Organization (ILO) currently has 187 Member States (as of 2025). The ILO, a UN specialized agency, was founded in 1919 under the Treaty of Versailles following World War I to promote social justice and improve labour conditions. Over the years, it expanded to near-universal membership, with South Sudan joining in 2016 as the 187th member. The ILO's work includes:

• Setting international labour standards through conventions and recommendations.
• Developing policies and technical assistance to advance decent work.
• Promoting tripartism, where governments, employers, and workers jointly shape labour standards.

This broad membership underscores its role as a global forum for labour and human rights.

Article 32 of the Indian Constitution provides Constitutional Remedies. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar called it the "heart and soul" of the Constitution, as it allows citizens to move the Supreme Court directly to enforce Fundamental Rights.

Articles 13-15, 17-19, 23-25 define or protect rights but do not grant the power to seek remedies. Thus, only Article 32 serves this purpose.

In pre-school children (around ages 3-5), autonomy dominates as they develoр independence, motor skills, and the ability to make simple choices.

While dependency characterizes infancy, and self-initiative develops slightly later (initiative vs. guilt stage), autonomy is the hallmark trait as they strive to do things on their own and gain confidence in their abilities.

Hall and Midgley proposed three approaches to social policy:
A. Statist Approach: State assumes primary responsibility for welfare.
B. Enterprise Approach: Private sector and market-led solutions dominate.
C. Populist Approach: Emphasizes popular movements and public participation.
D. Reciprocal Approach is not part of their framework.

Patch-based work refers to assigning small, defined geographic areas ("patches") to individual social workers for intensive, locally responsive services.

This concept was popularised by the Barclay Committee Report (1982, UK), which examined the organisation of social work and recommended community-oriented, localized practice.

The One Stop Centre Scheme, also known as Sakhi Centres, provides integrated support and assistance to women affected by violence, offering medical, legal, and counselling services under one roof.

It is funded through the Nirbhaya Fund, which was established by the Government of India in 2013 to enhance safety and security for women.