UGC NTA NET/JRF Re-EXAM, June 2024 HISTORY (Shift-I)

Total Questions: 100

91. Read the following passage carefully and answer the question that follows:

"The next important concept about the king was that he was a servant of the people. An early Dharmasutra writer remarked that the king was essentially a servant, and that the 16% tax was his remuneration." At one point, Kautilya mentions how the king was equivalent to his soldiers, both receiving different remuneration and entitled to share the nation's wealth. Narada also considers taxation as the king's salary for protecting the people.

Apararka states that no one pays taxes without expecting a return; therefore, taxes are paid in exchange for receiving protection from the king. Since the people pay the king a fair remuneration, the king must inevitably serve them as a servant, even as a slave. This is certainly an exaggeration; the reality is reflected in the writings of Sukra, where he describes the king as both master and servant of the people.

Which of the following describes the king as both master and servant of the people?

Correct Answer: (c) Shukranitisara
Solution:

In Shukranitisara, the king is described as both the master and servant of the people. Like many ancient Indian writers, Shukracharya also considered politics an aspect of morality. Under morality, being the master and servant of the people means that every decision of the king should be beneficial to the people, and the people should also contribute to the advancement of the monarchy by paying state taxes.

92. In ancient texts, which of the following is Sultans of Golconda considered the "Talker of Kings"?

Correct Answer: (c) Varuna
Solution:

In ancient texts, Varuna is considered the "Talker of Kings." Varuna was originally a Rigvedic deity who is said to reside in a thousand pillars. Varuna was also considered the controller of Rita. Varuna's importance is extolled in the Rigveda, and he is considered the supreme deity of the Rigvedic period, second only to Indra. However, his importance later diminished.

93. Which of the following books states that "the king's status was similar to that of the soldiers; both received separate remuneration and were entitled to share the nation's wealth"?

Correct Answer: (b) Arthashastra
Solution:

The Arthashastra states that "the king's status was similar to that of the soldiers: both received separate remuneration and were entitled to share the nation's wealth." The Arthashastra was written by Kautilya, the Prime Minister of Emperor Chandragupta Maurya. Kautilya considers the king to be the originator of Dharma and says that the king should always be available to his subjects.

94. The early Dharmasutras note that "the king is essentially a servant, and the 163 tax is his remuneration." The Dharmasutras referred to are:

Correct Answer: (a) Baudhayana Dharmasutra
Solution:

The Baudhayana Dharmasutra notes that the king is essentially a servant, and 16% taxes are his remuneration. After the Gautama Dharmasutra, the Baudhayana Dharmasutra is the oldest Dharmasutra. The Dharmasutras primarily contain information on social and religious rules. Baudhayana believed that the king should receive a fixed tax in return for his service, equal to 16% of the produce.

95. The above passage is about which of the following?

Correct Answer: (d) The king as a public servant
Solution:

The above passage is about the king as a public servant. The key belief regarding the king was that he was the servant of the people. Nearly all writers and Dharmasutras of ancient India refer to the king as a servant. An early Dharmasutra writer commented that the king was essentially a servant, and that 163 taxes were his remuneration.

96. Comprehension Questions 96 to 100: Read the following passage and answer the questions:

"The next phase of revolutionary activity in Maharashtra centered around Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, who can be called a born revolutionary. It is said that when he heard about the Chapekar brothers, he was a fifteen-year-old boy; he took an oath before Goddess Durga to fulfill the martyred Chapekar brothers' mission of driving the British out of India. In 1900, he founded the organization Mitra Mela in Nashik. Its objective was to achieve political independence for India, and it was firmly stated that such independence could be achieved through armed rebellion, if necessary. In 1904, the organization adopted the name Abhinav Bharat, after Mazzini's 'Young Italy.""

Who among the following is not referred to as the 'Chapekar brothers'?

Correct Answer: (b) Vinayak Hari Chapekar
Solution:

The Chapekar brothers were prominent revolutionaries from Maharashtra, including Damodar Hari Chapekar, Balkrishna Hari Chapekar, and Vasudev Hari Chapekar. The Chapekar brothers were pre-B.D. Savarkar revolutionaries in Maharashtra. The Chapekar brothers advocated independence through armed rebellion. On June 22, 1897, they assassinated Rand and Lieutenant Ayerst, head of the Plague Committee, in Poona.

97. Which of the following members of 'Abhinav Bharat' was sent to Paris to learn the art of bomb-making from Russian revolutionaries?

Correct Answer: (c) P.N. Bapat
Solution:

P.N. Bapat, a key member of 'Abhinav Bharat', was sent to Paris to learn the art of bombmaking from Russian revolutionaries. Similarly, Hemchandra Kanungo Das from Bengal came to France in 1906 to learn the art of bomb-making. It was in France that Hemchandra Kanungo met Bapat. Together, they learned the art of bomb-making from the Russian revolutionary organization.

98. 'Abhinav Bharat' was:

Correct Answer: (a) A secret organization of revolutionaries
Solution:

'Abhinav Bharat' is a modified form of Mitra Mela, founded in 1904. Abhinav Bharat is a secret organization of revolutionaries founded by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar and his brothers Ganesh Damodar Savarkar and Narayan Damodar Savarkar. Vinayak Damodar Savarkar named Abhinav Bharat after Mazzini's 'Young Italy'. Vinayak Damodar Savarkar was also associated with organizations like India House and the Prati Bharat Society established abroad and founded the Abhinav Bharat Society in London.

99. To achieve the objective of India's political independence, the "Mitra Mela" advocated the following paths :

Correct Answer: (b) Armed rebellion
Solution:

To achieve the objective of India's political independence, the "Mitra Mela" advocated the path of armed rebellion. Founded by B.D. Savarkar in Nashik in 1900, the organization transformed into Abhinav Bharat in 1904. B.D. Savarkar was a prominent revolutionary from Maharashtra who was greatly influenced by his predecessors, the Chapekar brothers. In his book, "The Indian War of Independence," he described the 1857 rebellion as India's first war of independence.

100. Where was Mitra Mela launched by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar in 1900?

Correct Answer: (d) Nashik
Solution:

In 1900, Vinayak Damodar Savarkar launched Mitra Mela in Nashik, Maharashtra. It was a revolutionary organization that championed India's independence through armed rebellion. Later, in 1904, Mitra Mela emerged as a new organization called Abhinav Bharat. The primary objective of Mitra Mela was to achieve political independence for India. They carried forward the Chapekar brothers' mission to drive the British out of India.