Viral Diseases (Diseases and Treatment) Part-II

Blackleg or black quarter is an infectious bacterial disease most commonly caused by Clostridium chauvoei, affecting cattle, sheep and goats.

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) or hoof-and-mouth disease is an infectious and sometimes fatal viral disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals, including domestic and wild bovids.

Anthrax is an acute disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. Most forms of the disease are lethal and it affects mostly animals. Cowpox is an infectious disease caused by the cowpox virus.

• It is a severe, highly contagious viral disease of livestock that has a significant economic impact. The disease affects cattle, swine, sheep, goats, and other cloven-hoofed ruminants. It does not affect horses, dogs, or cats. Intensively reared animals are more susceptible to the disease than traditional breeds.

• It is a transboundary animal disease (TAD) that deeply affects the production of livestock and disrupts regional and international trade in animals and animal products.
• The disease is estimated to circulate in 77% of the global livestock population, in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia, as well as in a limited area of SouthAmerica.
• It is not a human health or food safety threat. It is also not related to hand, foot, and mouth disease, which is a common childhood illness caused by a different virus.
• The organism which causes FMD isan aphthovirus of the family Picornaviridae.

There are seven strains (A, O, C, SAT1, SAT2, SAT3, and Asia1) which are endemic in different countries world wide.

Immunity to one type does not protect an animal against other types or subtypes.

• It is a severe, highly contagious viral disease of livestock that has a significant economic impact. The disease affects cattle, swine, sheep, goats, and other cloven-hoofed ruminants. It does not affect horses, dogs, or cats. Intensively reared animals are more susceptible to the disease than traditional breeds.

• It is a transboundary animal disease (TAD) that deeply affects the production of livestock and disrupts regional and international trade in animals and animal products.
• The disease is estimated to circulate in 77% of the global livestock population, in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia, as well as in a limited area of SouthAmerica.
• It is not a human health or food safety threat. It is also not related to hand, foot, and mouth disease, which is a common childhood illness caused by a different virus.
• The organism which causes FMD isan aphthovirus of the family Picornaviridae.

There are seven strains (A, O, C, SAT1, SAT2, SAT3, and Asia1) which are endemic in different countries world wide.

Immunity to one type does not protect an animal against other types or subtypes.

(1) Directly hen to man contact. (2) Human to human transmission. Tamiflu is an anti-viral medication that blocks the actions of influenza virus types A and B.

(1) Directly hen to man contact. (2) Human to human transmission. Tamiflu is an anti-viral medication that blocks the actions of influenza virus types A and B.

(1) Directly hen to man contact. (2) Human to human transmission. Tamiflu is an anti-viral medication that blocks the actions of influenza virus types A and B.

Zika virus disease is caused by a virus from the Flavivirus genus, Flaviviridae family. Zika is mostly transmitted through the bite of an infected Aedes species mosquito (Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus) which acts as vectors for dengue and yellow fever as well.

Zika virus infection can cause microcephaly in newborns, which means their head is smaller than normal. It can also cause Guillain-Barré syndrome, a rare nerve disorder that causes muscle weakness and paralysis.

The Zika virus was named after the Zika Forest in Uganda, where it had been discovered for the first time in 1947 and the first human case of Zika was reported in 1952.

The Zika virus caused a significant epidemic in Brazil in 2015.

In 2016 WHO declared the Zika virus, various neurological illnesses, and microcephaly as Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC).

Spread in India: Zika virus cases have been detected in the states of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, and Rajasthan in 2018 and Kerala, Maharashtra in 2021. However, Zika virus-associated microcephaly was not recorded.

Zika virus is a single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family. The Asian and African lineages are the two major geographically distinct lineages of the virus.

The African lineage affects monkeys and apes as primary hosts and humans as secondary hosts, whereas the Asian lineage affects humans as primary hosts.

The Zika virus is a single-strand ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus and the RNA is translated into a single polyprotein that encodes three structural proteins-capsid (C), membrane (M), and envelope (E)-as well as seven nonstructural proteins.

The viral particle is formed by structural proteins, as the name implies.

Nonstructural proteins aid in genome replication and packaging, as well as manipulating host processes in favour of the virus.

For the first time, cryo-electron microscopy was utilised to reveal the near-atomic structure of the Zika virus.

Zika virus is primarily transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected Aedes aegypti mosquito.

Other ways of viral propagation include:

Through sexual contact with the sick person

Transfusions of blood and organ transplantation

Congenital infection from mother to foetus because the virus is capable of crossing the placental barrier.

Testing: Zika virus disease diagnostics is primarily based on the detection of viral RNA from clinical. specimens (blood, saliva, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, amniotic fluid, semen, and breast milk)