Electric current – part (2)

Solar-powered pumps run on electricity generated by photovoltaic panels or the radiated thermal energy available from collected sunlight as opposed to grid electricity or diesel run water pumps. Solar power can be used for running surface pumps as well as for submersible pumps. Solar-powered submersible pumps support varied applications like field irrigation or supply potable water, while drawing water from underground water sources like bore-wells or sumps. Some solar submersible pumps use the same centrifugal mechanism as a surface pump, while others use a positive displacement mechanism. A solar-powered reciprocating pump is class of positive displacement pump with piston, which is used for various purposes such as, car washing, irrigation, colour spraying, large fountain, garden water pump etc. From the above explanation it is clear that both of the given statements are incorrect.

Solar cells are the components of solar arrays that convert radiant light from the sun into electricity that is then used to power electrical devices. Solar cells contain materials with semiconducting properties in which their electrons become excited and turned into an electrical current when struck by sunlight. While there are a dozen of variation of solar cells, the two most common types are those made of crystalline silicon (both monocrystalline and polycrystalline) and those made with what is called thin film technology. The majority (90%) of the solar cells on the market today are made of silicon.

A photoelectric cell converts light energy into electric energy The photoelectric effect, where electricity is generated from a material when it absorbs light, was first discovered in 1887 by Heinrich Hertz. The photovoltaic effect is closely related to the photoelectric effect, with a critical difference. In the photoelectric effect, electrons are emitted into space. But, in the photovoltaic effect, electrons enter what we call the conduction band of the material. The photoelectric device can capture high-energy photons and generate a high-voltage output, while the photovoltaic cell can capture low-energy photons and generate a high-current output. This combination can increase the power output and efficiency of solar PV systems.

The photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons when electromagnetic radiation, such as light, hits a material. And photoelectric device means which uses photoelectric effect, in other words which produces electricity/electric signal from light. Photovoltaic cell is one such device. Photovoltaic cells or commonly known as solar cells have vast use in digital technology. For example, entire satellite communication depends on it, since this is the main source of power for it. Photoemitting or light emitting diodes emit light on flow of electricity te reverse of photoelectric effect. Similarly, photodiode changes its electrical properties on receiving light. It is like light controlled switch which allows flow of electricity on getting light but it does not generate electricity. Hence, option (b) is the correct answer

'Net metering' is a billing mechanism that credits solar energy system owners for the electricity they add to the grid. For example, if a residential customer has a PV system on their roof, it may generate more electricity than the home uses during daylight hours. If the home is net-metered, the electricity meter will run backwards to provide a credit against what electricity is consumed at night or other periods when the home's electricity use exceeds the system's output. Customers are only billed for their 'net' energy use.

As per IC Insights Global Wafer Capacity 2021-2025 report, Taiwan led the world with 21.4% of global silicon wafer sigui capacity installed in that country. In second place was South altis Korea, which accounted for 20.4% of global silicon wafer incapacity. Japan and China were at the third and fourth place respectively, India is not among the leading manufacturers of silicon wafers in the world The solar power tariffs in India are determined by the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) and State Electricity Regulatory Consmissions (SERCs) on the hosts of competitive bidding Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECT) has a Power trading license, but it does not determine solar power tariffs

Madhya Pradesh has seventh rank in the country in wind power installed capacity, As per the data of 2021, other three statements are correct. However, Gujarat has surpassed Tamil Nadu in total wind power installed capacity in 2023. As on 31 March, 2024, total wind power installed capacity in India is 45886.51 MW in which Gujarat has around 25.5% share (11722.72 MW) while Tamil Nadu has around 23.1% share (10603.54 MW)

we know that

R=(ρ*l)/a

R= resistance

ρ= resistivity

l=length

a=area

let the ρ1,l1 and r1 is resistance length and radius of the first wire respectively then

as per question

resistivity of second wire ρ2=2ρ1

length of the second wire l2=2l1

radius of the second wire r2=2r1

⇒R1=(ρ1*l1)/a1=(ρ1*l1)/πr1²

R2=(ρ2*l2)/a2=(2ρ1*2l1)/π(r1)²

=4(ρ1*l1)/4πr1²=(ρ1*l1)/πr1²

⇒R1/R2=1

Since the resistance of thin wire R1=10Ω

therefore resistance of the thicker wire R2=10Ω

Let the charge on every small drop=q

radius of every small drops =r

charge on the large drop (Q)=nq

radius of large drop =R

∴ the total volume of n drops=volume of the large drops

∴ ( n) 4/3πr³ = 4/3πR³

⇒  R = (n∧1/3) r

now, V'/V=Q'C/qC'

=Q'/q*r/R

=nq/q*r/(n∧1/3)r

⇒ V'= (n∧2/3)V

⇒ So potential of large drop = (n∧2/3)V