Biology: Heredity

His pioneering work laid the foundation for the modern science of genetics, earning him the title of "father of genetics". Mendel's findings were not widely recognized in his time, but they were later rediscovered and have become foundational to our understanding of how traits are passed down from parents to offspring.

His pioneering work laid the foundation for the modern science of genetics, earning him the title of "father of genetics". Mendel's findings were not widely recognized in his time, but they were later rediscovered and have become foundational to our understanding of how traits are passed down from parents to offspring.

His pioneering work laid the foundation for the modern science of genetics, earning him the title of "father of genetics". Mendel's findings were not widely recognized in his time, but they were later rediscovered and have become foundational to our understanding of how traits are passed down from parents to offspring.

Hybridization was experimented on garden pea plant first by Gregor Mendel. After studying the seven types of qualities of pea, he rendered three laws as- Law of Dominance, Law of Segregation and Law of Independent Assortment.

In contrast to asexual reproduction, where offspring are genetically identical to the parent (e.g., through budding or fission), there is no gamete fusion and therefore no segregation or independent assortment of alleles.

Gene mapping is the method used for determining the location of gene and relative distances between genes on a chromosome. The essence of all genome mapping is to place a collection of molecular markers onto their respective positions on the genome. Molecular markers come in all forms. Genes can be viewed as one special type of genetic markers in the construction of genome maps and mapped the same way as any other markers.

A gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity. Genes, which consists of DNA, are the genetic material and unit of heredity. In humans, genes vary in size from a few hundred DNA bases to more than 2 million bases.

In each chromosome, DNA has a very long and coiled molecule and the small parts of this molecule are called gene. Generally a gene contains 5000 to 100000 pair nucleotide monomers of DNA molecules.

The genetic code is the set of rules used by living cells to translate information encoded within genetic material (DNA or mRNA sequences of nucleotide triplets, or codons) into proteins. In other words, the genetic code may be defined as the exact sequence of DNA (or mRNA) nucleotides read as three letter words or codons, that determines the sequence of amino acids in protein synthesis. There are 64 codons which correspond to 20 amino acids and to signals for the initiation and termination of transcription. Each triplet (codon) specifies one amino acid in a protein structure or a start signal or stop signal in protein synthesis. With three exceptions, each codon encodes for one of the 20 amino acids used in the synthesis of proteins. There are 61 sense codons in the genetic code which code for 20 amino acids. Those codons that code for signals during protein synthesis are known as signal (start and stop) codons. There are four codons which code for signal. These are AUG (start codon), UAA, UAG and UGA (stop codons). AUG codon also codes for the amino acid methionine. The genetic code is always universal, commaless, non-overlapping, non-ambiguous and redundant.

A gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity. Change in the base sequence within a gene is called mutation. Mutation is the changing of the structure of a gene, resulting in a variant form that may be transmitted to the subsequent generations. Mutation is the ultimate source of all genetic variation, providing the raw material on which evolutionary forces such as natural selection can act.