Biology: Heredity

In 1869, Miescher, a Swiss chemist, discovered a new substance in cell nuclei while studying white blood cells, according to the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). He called it "nuclein" and recognized it as a distinct molecule, not protein, according to a post on the Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research (FMI) website.

In 1953, Watson and Crick, aided by the work of Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins, proposed the double helix model of DNA. Their model, based on X-ray diffraction data and Chargaff's rules, showed DNA as a twisted ladder structure.

Franklin and Wilkins played a crucial role in the discovery by providing X-ray diffraction data, particularly Franklin's famous Photo 51, which showed the repeating helical structure of DNA.

In 1962, Watson, Crick, and Wilkins were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of the double helix structure of DNA.

In 1869, Miescher, a Swiss chemist, discovered a new substance in cell nuclei while studying white blood cells, according to the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). He called it "nuclein" and recognized it as a distinct molecule, not protein, according to a post on the Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research (FMI) website.

In 1953, Watson and Crick, aided by the work of Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins, proposed the double helix model of DNA. Their model, based on X-ray diffraction data and Chargaff's rules, showed DNA as a twisted ladder structure.

Franklin and Wilkins played a crucial role in the discovery by providing X-ray diffraction data, particularly Franklin's famous Photo 51, which showed the repeating helical structure of DNA.

In 1962, Watson, Crick, and Wilkins were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of the double helix structure of DNA.

The Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1968 was awarded jointly to Robert W. Holley, Har Gobind Khorana and Marshall W. Nirenberg for their interpretation of the genetic code and function of DNA in protein synthesis.

The Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1968 was awarded jointly to Robert W. Holley, Har Gobind Khorana and Marshall W. Nirenberg for their interpretation of the genetic code and function of DNA in protein synthesis.

Barbara McClintock delivered the principle of jumping genes. She was awarded Nobel Prize in 1983 for this special research in medical science while studying of heredity in the corn plant. He saw that some hereditary element are able to move chromosomes. She found in her study that there are certain spots on the grains of corn by the hereditary changes done by jumping genes. Then the conclusion is given that every cell have the part of DNA (transposon) which are important in development.

Tyrosine or 4-hydroxyphenylalanine is one of the 22 amino acids that are used by cells to synthesize proteins. Its codons are UAC and UAU. It is a non-essential amino acid with a polar side group. It was first discovered in 1846 by German chemist Justus von Liebig in the protein casein from cheese. It is called tyrosyl when referred to as a functional group or side chain.

DNA is made up of repeating units called nucleotides, each containing a sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine).

DNA contains the genetic instructions necessary for cell growth, development, and functioning, and it's primarily found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

The key difference between deoxyribose and ribose lies in the presence of a hydroxyl group (OH) on the second carbon atom in ribose, while deoxyribose has a hydrogen atom (H) at that position.

A ribozyme is a ribonucleic acid (RNA) enzyme that catalyzes a chemical reaction. The ribozyme catalyzes specific reactions in a similar way to that of protein enzymes. Also called catalytic RNA, ribozymes are found in the ribosome where they join amino acid together to form protein chains. Thomas R. Cech and Sidney Altman were awarded Nobel Prize in 1989 for discovering catalytic properties of RNA.

The number of chromosomes varies from species to species but it remains constant for a particular species. It does not change with the age or weight. In most animals, however, any change from the typical chromosome number for a species may be due to genetic disorders.