Biology (Part-VIII) (Railway)

• A large part of domestic wastes consists of plant and animal waste such as vegetables, fruit peel, bone and meat waste, and chicken and fish waste, which are considered as wet wastes.

• Plastics, disposable dishes, toys, and metal and glass cans are another part of domestic wastes.

• There are four ostia (openings) in the left atrium, one for each of pulmonary veins.

• Oxygen-rich blood travels through these openings and into the left atrium.

• Antibodies are produced by the body in reaction to the presence of a virus.

• An HIV antibody test measures the presence of antibodles in response to the presence of HIV.

• The most common HIV antibody tests are ELISA and Western Blot.

• Solid waste: open dumping

• Organic waste: Composting

• Hospital waste: Incineration

• Other than that, the by-products of metabolism like gums. latex, resins, and oils that are not useful to the plant are stored in plant parts like barks, stems, leaves, etc.

• Eventually, these parts are shed off. getting rid of the waste.

• Food is broken down outside the body with the help of hydrolytic enzymes secreted by the organism in this process.

• It produces a vacuole by fusing over the meal particles.

• Complex compounds are broken down into simpler molecules inside the vacuole, which eventually diffuse into the cytoplasm.

• Lignin prevents the wall of the vessels from collapsing due to the pressure created during the pulling of water.

• It is hydrophobic, that is, it is water insoluble but lipophilic (lipid soluble) and does not allow water to pass through.

• Example: In a dihybrid cross in pea plants involving two traits: seed shape (round- RR and wrinkled-rr) and pod color (Green-yy and yellow yy).