Computer (Part-5)

• The name "PARAM" means "supreme" in Sanskrit and also stands for "PARAllel Machine".

• It is a telecommunications technology aimed at providing wireless data over long distances in a variety of ways, from point-to-point links to full mobile  cellular-type access.  

• January 1, 1983 is considered the official birthday of the Internet.
• Before this, the various computer networks did not have a standard communication method.
• Finally, a new communications protocol called Transfer Control Protocol/Internetwork Protocol (TCP/IP) was established.

The full form of TCP in the context of the Internet is Transmission Control Protocol. 

• TCP is one of the main protocols in the TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) suite, which is the set of communication rules that underpin the Internet.
• TCP is responsible for the reliable transmission of data, ensuring that it is delivered in order and without errors between applications on different devices.  

The two versions of the Internet Protocol (IP) that are currently in use are:

IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4):
This is the older, more widely deployed version. It uses 32-bit addresses, which allows for approximately 4.3 billion unique IP addresses. Due to the massive growth of the internet, this address space is nearing exhaustion.

IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6):
This is the newer version designed to address the limitations of IPv4, particularly the address exhaustion problem.

• It uses 128-bit addresses, providing a vastly larger address space (approximately $3.4\times 10³⁸$ unique addresses). IPv6 also includes other improvements in terms of security and efficiency.
• While IPv6 is being adopted, IPv4 is still prevalent, and both versions coexist on the internet.

• However, due to the development of the web and also the depletion of accessible IPv4 addresses, a brand new form of IP (IPv6), using 128 bits for that Ip, was standardized in 1998.

• However, due to the development of the web and also the depletion of accessible IPv4 addresses, a brand new form of IP (IPv6), using 128 bits for that Ip, was standardized in 1998.

• A cluster virus infects a computer by modifying directory or registry entries so that when a user runs a program, the virus also runs.
• This essentially alters the way the computer accesses files on the disk, effectively changing the file system.

• Use of dial-up requires a separate phone line, since users must connect via the telephone to their Internet service provider.
• Speeds max out at about 56Kbps, which is only about a tenth of the speed of even the slowest broadband Dial-up connections.
• Dial-up use is only recommended when no other option is available.

1. This protocol downloads emails from a mail server to a local client (like your computer or phone).
2. Once downloaded, the emails are usually deleted from the server, meaning you can typically only access them on the device you downloaded them to.