Human Anatomy and Physiology : V. Circulatory System Part-II

As the blood group of the couple is AB⁺ and O⁻, twin boys were born to them will have A⁺ and B⁺ blood groups. Therefore, blood group of the adopted son is O⁺.

If among the parent blood group of the father is A and blood group of the mother is 'O' then the blood group of the son will be 'O' or 'A'. Bernstein in 1924 discovered that blood group A, B, O in humans represents genetic characteristic and develop according to Mendel's laws, in offsprings by getting genes from parents.

Blood is a special connective tissue consisting of a fluid matrix, plasma, and formed elements. The Rh antigen similar to one present in Rhesus monkeys (hence Rh), is also observed on the surface of RBCs in majority (nearly 80 percent) of humans. Such individuals are called Rh positive (Rh⁺ve) and those in whom this antigen is absent are called Rh negative (Rh⁻ve). An Rh⁻ve person, if exposed to Rh⁺ve blood, will form specific antibodies against the Rh antigens. Therefore, Rh factor should also be matched before transfusions.

Erythroblastosis fetalis, also known as hemolytic anaemia is a serious medical condition that most commonly results from maternal-fetal Rh blood type incompatibility. If a woman who is Rh-negative and a father who is Rh-positive conceive a child, the foetus may be Rh-positive. This can lead to Rh incompatibility and pregnancy complication and could cause the baby to develop severe anaemia and other problems.

The pH value of the blood of human is about 7.4. Blood pH is regulated to stay within the narrow range of 7.35 to 7.45, making it slightly basic or alkaline. Blood that has a pH below 7 is acidic, whereas blood pH above 7.45 is too basic.

Maintaining a stable pH in blood is crucial for the proper functioning of various bodily processes and enzymes. The body employs various physiological mechanisms to regulate blood pH, including the use of buffer systems to resist changes in pH due to acids or bases.

Maintaining a stable pH in blood is crucial for the proper functioning of various bodily processes and enzymes. The body employs various physiological mechanisms to regulate blood pH, including the use of buffer systems to resist changes in pH due to acids or bases.

An antigen is usually a foreign protein molecule (in some cases it is a polysaccharide) which enters the body fluids of an animal as part of an infectious agent and is capable of inducing the production of specific antibodies. An antibody is a molecule produced by animals in response to antigen and has the particular property of combining specifically with the antigen which induced its formation. It is a blood protein (globulin) which may make an infected animal immune to a foreign antigen. This response is called the immune response.

An antigen is usually a foreign protein molecule (in some cases it is a polysaccharide) which enters the body fluids of an animal as part of an infectious agent and is capable of inducing the production of specific antibodies. An antibody is a molecule produced by animals in response to antigen and has the particular property of combining specifically with the antigen which induced its formation. It is a blood protein (globulin) which may make an infected animal immune to a foreign antigen. This response is called the immune response.

An antigen is usually a foreign protein molecule (in some cases it is a polysaccharide) which enters the body fluids of an animal as part of an infectious agent and is capable of inducing the production of specific antibodies. An antibody is a molecule produced by animals in response to antigen and has the particular property of combining specifically with the antigen which induced its formation. It is a blood protein (globulin) which may make an infected animal immune to a foreign antigen. This response is called the immune response.