Human Development

11. Human Development Index is a composite index of: [R.A.S./R.T.S.(Pre) 2013]

(a) Nutritional status, quality of life and per capita GDP
(b) Poverty, Life expectancy and Educational attainment
(c) Life expectancy, Educational attainment and per capita GDP
(d) Inflation, unemployment and per capita GPD

Correct Answer: (c) Life expectancy, Educational attainment and per capita GDP

Solution:Human Development Index is the composite index of life expectancy, education level and per capita Gross National Income (GNI). Before 2010, per capita GDP was used instead of per capita GNI. It is published by UNDP. It's maximum value is 1 and minimum is zero.

The Human Development Index (HDI) was developed by two economists - Prof. Mehbub Al Haque of Pakistan and Prof. Amartya Sen of India in 1990.
Since 1993, HDI has been used by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) each year to calculate the Human Development Index (HDI) and publish it as a report which is known as Human Development Report (HDR).
The HDI was created to emphasize that people and their capabilities should be the ultimate criteria forassessing the development of a country, not economic growth alone.

12. Human Development Index comprises literacy rates, life expectancy at birth and: [I.A.S. (Pre) 1997]

(a) Gross Domestic Product per head in the US dollars
(b) Gross Domestic Product per head at real purchasing power
(c) Gross National Product in US dollars
(d) National Income per head in US dollars

Correct Answer: (b) Gross Domestic Product per head at real purchasing power

Solution:Human Development Index (HDI) was created to emphasize that people and their capabilities should be the ultimate criteria for assessing the development of a country, not economic growth alone. Since year 2010 new method have been adopted to calculate HDI, which includes 3 indicators:

1. Life Expectancy Index - (Life Expectancy at birth)

2. Education Index-Knowledge Index(TEL)

(i) Mean years of schooling

(ii) Expected years of schooling

3. Standard of Living (Income/GNI Index-GNI per capita at purchasing power parity: PPPS) ma

The HDI is the geometric mean of the above three indices. It is noteworthy that earlier (before 2010) living standard was estimated through per capita Gross Domestic Product (based on PPP $) but later on, it was replaced with per capita Gross National Income (based on PPPS).

It is clear that at the question period, option (b) was the correct answer but at present all options are wrong.

13. While calculating HDI, the maximum value and minimum value for Life Expectancy at birth (Years) are taken as: [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2006]

(a) 100 and 25
(b) 90 and 30
(c) 85 and 25
(d) 80 and 20

Correct Answer: (c) 85 and 25

Solution:Earlier (before 2010) in calculation of HDI, 85 years and 25 years were taken as the maximum value and minimum value for Life Expectancy at birth. Whereas at present, while calculating HDI, the maximum value and minimum value for Life Expectancy at birth are taken as 85 years and 20 years respectively. Life Expectancy Index (LEI) value is 1 when Life Expectancy at birth is 85 and 0 when Life Expectancy at birth is 20.

14. Which of the following is not included in Human Development Index? [M.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2008, U.P. Lower Sub. (Spl.) (Pre) 2004]

(a) Life Expectancy
(b) Real Per Capita Income
(c) Social Inequality
(d) Adult Literacy

Correct Answer: (c) Social Inequality

Solution:UNDP first published Human Development Report (HDR) in the year 1990. Human Development Index (HDI) of HDR includes 3 indicators: (i) Life Expectancy at birth, (ii) Level of Education, (iii) Standard of living (GNI Index - GNI per capita PPP $), Education level was earlier determined by the gross enrollment ratio and adult literacy rate, which was re- placed in 2010 with the 'Mean years of schooling' and 'Expected years of schooling and from 2010, Inequality-adjusted HDI is also published under Human Development Report.

15. Which of the following indicators is NOT used to calculate Human Development Index (HDI)? [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2020]

(a) Life Expectancy
(b) Education
(c) Per Capita Income
(d) Social Inequality

Correct Answer: (d) Social Inequality

Solution:UNDP first published Human Development Report (HDR) in the year 1990. Human Development Index (HDI) of HDR includes 3 indicators: (i) Life Expectancy at birth, (ii) Level of Education, (iii) Standard of living (GNI Index - GNI per capita PPP $), Education level was earlier determined by the gross enrollment ratio and adult literacy rate, which was re- placed in 2010 with the 'Mean years of schooling' and 'Expected years of schooling and from 2010, Inequality-adjusted HDI is also published under Human Development Report.

16. Which one of the following is not constituent of Human Development Index? [U.P.P.C.S. (Spl.) (Mains) 2008, U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2009]

(a) Health and Nutrition
(b) Per Capita Income
(c) Life Expectancy at Birth
(d) Gross Enrollment Rate

Correct Answer: (a) Health and Nutrition

Solution:UNDP first published Human Development Report (HDR) in the year 1990. Human Development Index (HDI) of HDR includes 3 indicators: (i) Life Expectancy at birth, (ii) Level of Education, (iii) Standard of living (GNI Index - GNI per capita PPP $), Education level was earlier determined by the gross enrollment ratio and adult literacy rate, which was re- placed in 2010 with the 'Mean years of schooling' and 'Expected years of schooling and from 2010, Inequality-adjusted HDI is also published under Human Development Report.

17. According to the United Nations Development Programme report published in 1990, which one of the following is not included in the calculation of Human Development Index (HDI)? [U.P.U.D.A./L.D.A. (Pre) 2013]

(a) Per Capita Income
(b) Urbanization
(c) Literacy
(d) Life Expectancy

Correct Answer: (b) Urbanization

Solution:UNDP first published Human Development Report (HDR) in the year 1990. Human Development Index (HDI) of HDR includes 3 indicators: (i) Life Expectancy at birth, (ii) Level of Education, (iii) Standard of living (GNI Index - GNI per capita PPP $), Education level was earlier determined by the gross enrollment ratio and adult literacy rate, which was re- placed in 2010 with the 'Mean years of schooling' and 'Expected years of schooling and from 2010, Inequality-adjusted HDI is also published under Human Development Report.

18. What is the base of Human Development Index? [M.P.P.C. S. (Pre) 2015]

(a) Health, education, employment, standard of living
(b) Health, education, employment
(c) Health, education, standard of living
(d) Education, employment, standard of living

Correct Answer: (c) Health, education, standard of living

Solution:UNDP first published Human Development Report (HDR) in the year 1990. Human Development Index (HDI) of HDR includes 3 indicators: (i) Life Expectancy at birth, (ii) Level of Education, (iii) Standard of living (GNI Index - GNI per capita PPP $), Education level was earlier determined by the gross enrollment ratio and adult literacy rate, which was re- placed in 2010 with the 'Mean years of schooling' and 'Expected years of schooling and from 2010, Inequality-adjusted HDI is also published under Human Development Report.

19. Arrange the following countries on the basis of 'Human Development Index 2022' in descending order. [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2022]

Country

1. Japan

2. Hong Kong

3. Russia

4. Australia

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

(a) 1, 2, 4, 3
(b) 4, 1, 3, 2
(c) 3, 4, 1, 2
(d) 3, 4, 1, 2

Correct Answer: (d) 3, 4, 1, 2

Solution:As per the Human Development Report (HDR) 2021/2022 (which was released in September, 2022), the Human Development Index (HDI) Ranks of the given countries (for the year 2021) were as follows: Hong Kong (4th) , Australia (5th) Japan (19th) and Russia (52nd)) The Human Development Index for the year 2022 was not released in the question period. As per the Human Development Report 2023/2024 (released in March, 2024), the HDI Ranks of the given countries (for the year 2022) are as follows: Hong Kong ( 4th), Australia (10th) Japan (24th) and Russia (56th) . Hence, option (d) is the correct answer.

20. With reference to the Human Development Report, 2021- 22, which of the following statement is/are correct? [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2023]

1. India's rank on the Human Development Index has upgraded from 130 in 2020 to 132 in 2022.

2. India's rank on the Human Development Index has stipped from 130 in 2020 to 132 in 2022.

Select the correct answer using the code given below: Code:

(a) Only 1
(b) Only 2
(c) Neither 1 nor 2
(d) Both 1 and 2

Correct Answer: (c) Neither 1 nor 2

Solution:According to Human Development Report 2021/2022, India's rank on the Human Development Index (HDI) has stipped from 130 in 2020 to 132 in 2021 (in 191 countries and territories) not in 2022. So, both the given options are incorrect. As per the Human Development Report 2023/2024, India's rank on the HDI was 135 in 2021 which is upgraded to 134 in 2022 (in 193 countries and territories).