Indian History and World History (Part-3)

Kaivalya is related to Jainism. According to Jainism, Mahavira became an ascetic and left his home at 30. He kept on wandering for 12 years and is said to have attained Kaivalya at the age of 42; through Kaivalya, he conquered misery and happiness. Because of his conquest, he is known as the Jina or the conqueror.

Jina - One who, according to Jainism, has conquered temporal and material existence through self-discipline and attained a transcendent and external state of bliss and is revered as a Tirthankara.
The universal principles of Jainism are -
• Ahimsa (non-injury)
• Satyam (truthfulness)
• Asteya (non-stealing)
• Brahmacharya (celibacy)
• Aparigraha (non-covetousness).

In Jainism, a Tirthankara is a saviour and spiritual teacher of the dharma. There are 24 Tirthankaras in Jainism.
Rishabha was the first Tirthankara of Jainism. He was also known as Adinatha and AdishJina.
Arishtanemi was the twenty-second Tirthankara in Jainism.
Parshvanath was the twenty-third Tirthankara of Jainism.
Mahavir Jain was the twenty-fourth Tirthankaras of Jainism.
Ajitanath was the second Tirthankara of Jainism.

In Jainism, a Tirthankara is a saviour and spiritual teacher of the dharma. There are 24 Tirthankaras in Jainism.
Rishabha was the first Tirthankara of Jainism. He was also known as Adinatha and AdishJina.
Arishtanemi was the twenty-second Tirthankara in Jainism.
Parshvanath was the twenty-third Tirthankara of Jainism.
Mahavir Jain was the twenty-fourth Tirthankaras of Jainism.
Ajitanath was the second Tirthankara of Jainism.

Lord Mahavira was born in the present-day state of Bihar. Lord Mahavira was the 24th Tirthankara of Jainism.
Lord Mahaveera was born in 599 BC near Vaishali in Kundagrama (Bihar).
He was born a Prince Vardhamana to King Siddhartha and Queen Trishala of the Ikshvaku Dynasty.
Mahavira belonged to Jnatrik Dynasty. He got enlightened under a Sal Tree.
He got kaivalya (death) on the bank of the Rijupalika River.

Mahavira, who was known in Pali literature as Nigantha Nataputta, founded a religion called Jainism as Mahavir Swami was the 24th Tirthankar. He is considered as the real founder of Jainism.

According to Jain texts, Mahavira’s nirvana (death) occurred in the town of Pawapuri in present-day Bihar. His life as a spiritual light and the night of his nirvana is commemorated by Jains as Diwali at the same time that Hindus celebrate it.

The sacred books of the Jains are collectively called Agama. Comprising fifty separate works which differ in small matters, the texts are written mainly in ArdhaMagadhiPrakrit and Sauraseni. The canon also includes 14 ‘Purva’ or ‘earlier’ works attributed in part to Mahavira and several anga sections composed by Mahavira’s disciples, besides various other books on rules.

‘Mahavastu’ is a Buddhist text written in Sanskrit, which details the life of Buddha. It is an important text of Hinayana.

Tripitaka is the holy book of Buddhism. After the death of Buddha, his teachings were compiled and divided into three parts; these are called “Tripitaka”.