Miscellaneous (Indian Polity)

The first country to make a written constitution is the United States of America.

• Adopted: 1787

• Came into force: 1789

The U.S. Constitution is considered the world’s first written national constitution and is still in use today. It served as a model for many other countries when drafting their own constitutions.

Martial Law is a temporary rule by the military over normal civilian functions of government, usually declared in times of emergency, war, or civil unrest.

Key Features:

• Civil rights like freedom of movement and expression may be suspended.

• Military authorities take control over law enforcement and administration.

• Regular courts may be replaced by military tribunals.

• It is used to restore order when the civilian government is unable to function effectively.

Martial law is meant to be a temporary measure, and its use is often controversial due to potential abuse of power and restriction of civil liberties.

Difference Between Democratic Government and Feminist Government:

In Summary:

• A democratic government is about how power is chosen and exercised by the people.

• A feminist government is about ensuring gender justice within that power structure.

They can overlap — a democratic government can also be feminist if it actively promotes gender equality in policies and representation.

• Policy of minimum governmental interference in the economic affairs of individuals and society.
• “Leave us alone.”
• The policy of laissez-faire received strong support in classical economics as it developed in Great Britain under the influence of economist and philosopher Adam Smith (Wealth of Nations -1776).
• Belief in laissez-faire was a popular view during the 19th century; its proponents cited the assumption in classical economics of a natural economic order as support for their faith in unregulated individual activity. The British economist John Stuart Mill was responsible for bringing this philosophy into popular economic usage in his Principles of Political Economy (1848), in which he set forth the arguments for and against government activity in economic affairs.

Fundamental Duties are the product of the Swaran Singh Committee. Fundamental duties are mentioned in Part IV-A of the Indian constitution in Article 51A.

Sources of the Constitution of India

• Government of India Act of 1935 – Federal Scheme, Office of Governor, Judiciary, Public Service Commissions, Emergency Provisions, and Administrative Details.
• British Constitution – Parliamentary System of Government, Rule of Law, Legislative Procedure, Single Citizenship, Cabinet System, Prerogative Writs, Parliamentary Privileges, and Bicameralism.
• US Constitution – Fundamental Rights, Independence of the Judiciary, Judicial Review, Impeachment of the President, Removal of Supreme Court and High Court Judges, and the Post of the Vice-President.
• Irish Constitution – Directive Principles of State Policy, the Nomination of Members to Rajya Sabha, and Method of Election of the President.
• Canadian Constitution – Federation with a strong Centre, vesting of residuary powers in the Centre, appointment of state governors by the Centre, and advisory jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
• Australian Constitution – Concurrent List, Freedom of Trade, Commerce & Intercourse, and a Joint Sitting of the two Houses of Parliament.
• Weimar Constitution of Germany – Suspension of Fundamental Rights during Emergency.
• Soviet Constitution (USSR, now Russia) – Fundamental duties and the ideal of Justice (Social, Economic, and Political) in the Preamble.
• French Constitution – Republic and the ideals of Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity in the Preamble.
• South African Constitution – Procedure for amendment of the Constitution and election of members of Rajya Sabha.
• Japanese Constitution – Procedure established by law.

The main objective is to present their demands in front of the arrangements and bring change in the 'Government 'policies' according to their choice.