Miscellaneous (Indian Polity)

The first country to make constitution was USA. The US constitution contains its seven articles, a preamble, and a closing endorsement. In addition, the constitution has a Bill of Rights and several amendments.

The set of rules and regulations applied at the takeover of the administration and the judiciary by the Armed forces is called Martial Law, It involves the temporary substitution of military authority for civilian rule and is usually invoked in times of war, rebellion, or natural disaster.

The modern civil rights movement started on December 1, 1955. 'Civil Rights Movement' started as a movement by the African Americans to secure rights for them in the country. Its purpose was to secure equal access for African Americans and opportunities for them.

Democratic Government believes in giving equal rights and oppurtunities to women and men, while feminist government emphasizes inequality by giving preference to women over men.

Laissez-faire means Removal of 'certain restrictions'. Usually it describes the economic policy of a government that stresses non-interference in business. The phrase laissez faire is derived from the French phrase laissez faire et laissez passer, "Let be and let pass." This phrase became popular in 18th Century France, where economists suggested the government stay out of business and industry. It might also be applied to situations outside economics where government interference in personal activities is avoided or when you take a "hands off" approach to something.

This Swiss Constitution is a rigid constitution. Since the country is a semidirect democratic federal republic, the power is vested in the two chambers of the Federal Assembly, the National Council and the Council of States.

Fundamental Duties were borrowed from the USSR constitution. The fundamental duties were added by the 42nd Constitution Amendment Act, 1976. Fundamental Duties are the product of the Swaran Singh Committee. Fundamental duties are mentioned in Part IV-A of the Indian constitution in Article 51A.

Interest groups integrate the desires, aspirations of the people and give shape to their demands. The main objective is to present their demands in front of the arrangements and bring change in the 'Government 'policies' according to their choice.

The first fascist movements emerged in Italy during World War I, before spreading to other European countries. Opposed to anarchism, democracy, liberalism, and Marxism, fascism is placed on the far- right wing within the traditional left-right spectrum.

Customary rights refer to established, traditional patterns of norms that can be observed within a particular socio-cultural setting. Edmund Burke and Ritchie were its chief exponents.