Physical Geography (Part-II) (Railway)

• One of the commonest types of dunes, it occurs in sandy deserts all over the world.

• It is the "warm phase" of a larger phenomenon called the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO).

• La Niño, the "cool phase" of ENSO, is a pattern that describes the unusual cooling of the region's surface waters.

• The earth's surface is being continuously subjected to by external forces originating within the earth's atmosphere and by internal forces from within the earth.

• The external forces are known as exogenic forces, and the internal forces are known as endogenic forces.

•  The actions of exogenic forces result in wearing down (degradation) of relief/elevations and filling up (aggradation) of basins/depressions, on the earth's surface.

• The phenomenon of wearing down of relief variations of the surface of the earth through erosion is known as gradation.

• It is the scientific study of the origin and evolution of topographic features created by physical, chemical, or biological processes operating at or near Earth's surface.

• UV exposure increases by about 33 percent for every 20 percent loss of the ozone layer.

• So, the thinning of Ozone layer will lead to higher ultraviolet levels, which in turn will cause increased skin cancers,

• Regulated and Planned cutting of Trees: One of the main reasons of deforestation is commercial felling of trees.

• Control over Forest Fire: Destruction or loss of forest by fire is fairly common; be. cause trees are highly exposed to fire and once started it be. comes difficult to control.

• Reforestation and Afforestation: Reforestation is the process of planting trees in for-est where the number of trees has been decreasing. The planting of tree over a wide area is known as Aforestation.

• Proper Utilisation of Forest Products and Forests: Generally, forests have been cut for logs and rest of the tree-stump, limbs, branches and foliage, etc., are left out in the forest as worthless debris. There is a need to use all this waste material.

• during the Paleozoic Mesozolc transition it occupied almost 70% of Earth's surface.

• It exişted prior to the break up of Pangea.

• It is a tropical region of calm and variable winds.

• The other wind belts are trade winds and horse latitude

• Example: North Atlantic Drift is a warm Atlantic Ocean Current which runs from the Grand Bank, near New Foundland, to western Europe.

• Energy at each trophic level is lost in the form of heat as organisms expend energy for metabolic processes such as staying warm and digesting food.

• The higher the organism is on the trophic pyramid, the lower the amount of available energy.

.