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The Governance System

📆 September 26, 2024

Total Questions: 80

1. Which one of the following best defines the term 'State? [U.P.S.C. (Pre) 2021]

Correct Answer: (a) A community of persons permanently occupying a definite territory independent of external control and possessing an organized government.
Solution:The State is "a community of persons, more or less numerous, permanently occupying a definite portion of territory, independent, or nearly so, of external control, and possessing an organized government to which the great body of inhabitants render habitual obedience." -Garner The term 'State' is central to the study of Political Science. Following are the elements of a state: (1) People, ie. the community of persons permanently living there. (2) Government (3) Territory: Demarcated boundary that separates one state from the other. (4) Sovereignty: It has an independent say in all domestic and external decision- making.

2. Which one is the most prominent element of a state? [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2008]

Correct Answer: (c) Sovereignty
Solution:The state has four essential elements: Population, Territory, Government and Sovereignty. Among all of them, Sovereignty is the most important element. India, before 1947, was not a state because though it had the other three elements, Le.. population, territory and government, the fourth and the most important one, ie., Sovereignty, was missing (because of British control over India).

3. With reference to the Sovereignty of India, which of the following statements is/are correct? [U.P. P.C.S. (Mains) 2017]

1. India is a member of Commonwealth of Nations.

2. Sovereignty of India is curtailed due to its membership of Commonwealth of Nations.

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

Correct Answer: (a) 1 only
Solution:The word 'Sovereign' implies that India is neither a dependency nor a dominion of any other nation but an independent state. Though in 1947, India declared the continuation of her full membership of the Commonwealth of Nations and accepted the British crown as the head of the Commonwealth, this extra-Constitutional declaration does not affect India's Sovereignty in any manner.

4. The idea of the Preamble has been borrowed in Indian Constitution from the Constitution of- [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2015]

Correct Answer: (d) U.S.A.
Solution:The idea of the Preamble was borrowed from the Constitution of the United States. Whereas, the language of the Preamble was borrowed from the constitution of Australia.

Interesting Facts about Preamble of Indian Constitution

  • It was enacted after the enactment of the entire Constitution of India
  • The term 'secular' was added to the Preamble of the Indian Constitution by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976.
  • The Preamble secures to all citizens of India liberty of belief, faith and worship
  • Ideal of justice (social, economic and political) in the Preamble are borrowed from the Soviet Union (Russia) Constitution
  • Republic and the ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity are borrowed from the French Constitution
  • Preamble, in itself, has been first introduced through the American Constitution

5. Constitution of India provides which type of governance system? [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 1990]

Correct Answer: (c) Parliamentary
Solution:There are mainly two types of system of Governance- Parliamentary and Presidential. India follows the Parliamentary form of government, which is influenced by the Parliamentary system of the United Kingdom. In a Parliamentary system, the executive branch derives its democratic legitimacy from the Legislature and is also accountable to the Legislature.

6. In a Parliamentary system of Government - [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2010]

Correct Answer: (d) Legislature controls Executive
Solution:In a Parliamentary System of Government, the Executive is controlled by the Legislature.

Features of the parliamentary system

1. Close relationship between the legislature and the executive: Here, the Prime Minister along with the Council of Ministers form the executive and the Parliament is the legislature. The PM and the ministers are elected from the members of parliament, implying that the executive emerges out of the legislature.

2. Executive responsible to the legislature: The executive is responsible to the legislature. There is a collective responsibility, that is, each minister's responsibility is the responsibility of the whole Council.

3. Dual executive: There are two executives the real executive and the titular executive. The nominal executive is the head of state (president or monarch) while the real executive is the Prime Minister, who is the head of government.

4. Secrecy of procedure: A prerequisite of this form of government is that cabinet proceedings are secret and not meant to be divulged to the public.

5. Leadership of the Prime Minister: The leader of this form of government is the Prime Minister. Generally, the leader of the party that wins a majority in the lower house is appointed as the PM.

6. Bicameral Legislature: Most parliamentary democracies follow bicameral legislature.

7. No fixed tenure: The term of the government depends on its majority support in the lower house. if the government does not win a vote of no confidence, the council of ministers has to resign. Elections will be held and a new government is formed.

7. A Parliamentary System of Government is one in which: [U.P.S.C. (Pre) 2020]

Correct Answer: (b) the Government is responsible to the Parliament and can be removed by it
Solution:In a Parliamentary System of government, members of the executive branch are taken from the legislature and are also accountable to the Legislature (Parliament). The Parliamentary System of government is also known as the Cabinet form of government. Government is responsible to the legislature's popular house and remains in power till it has the support of the majority of members in that house.

8. The Parliamentary form of Government was first introduced in which country? [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2018, M.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2006]

Correct Answer: (a) Great Britain (UK)
Solution:The modern concept of Parliamentary government emerged in the Kingdom of Great Britain. The notable historian Prof. Pushpesh Pant has also mentioned about the UK being the birth place of the Parliamentary government, in his famous book 'Vishwa ka Itihas'.

Features of the parliamentary system

1. Close relationship between the legislature and the executive: Here, the Prime Minister along with the Council of Ministers form the executive and the Parliament is the legislature. The PM and the ministers are elected from the members of parliament, implying that the executive emerges out of the legislature.

2. Executive responsible to the legislature: The executive is responsible to the legislature. There is a collective responsibility, that is, each minister's responsibility is the responsibility of the whole Council.

3. Dual executive: There are two executives the real executive and the titular executive. The nominal executive is the head of state (president or monarch) while the real executive is the Prime Minister, who is the head of government.

4. Secrecy of procedure: A prerequisite of this form of government is that cabinet proceedings are secret and not meant to be divulged to the public.

5. Leadership of the Prime Minister: The leader of this form of government is the Prime Minister. Generally, the leader of the party that wins a majority in the lower house is appointed as the PM.

6. Bicameral Legislature: Most parliamentary democracies follow bicameral legislature.

7. No fixed tenure: The term of the government depends on its majority support in the lower house. if the government does not win a vote of no confidence, the council of ministers has to resign. Elections will be held and a new government is formed.

9. The Indian Parliamentary System is different from the British Parliamentary System in that India has: [U.P.S.C. (Pre) 1998]

Correct Answer: (d) The system of judicial review
Solution:The Constitution of India adopted the process of Judicial Review' from the U.S. Constitution which is not applicable in the British Parliamentary System, while the rest of the options are applicable to both the Parliamentary systems.

Features of the parliamentary system

1. Close relationship between the legislature and the executive: Here, the Prime Minister along with the Council of Ministers form the executive and the Parliament is the legislature. The PM and the ministers are elected from the members of parliament, implying that the executive emerges out of the legislature.

2. Executive responsible to the legislature: The executive is responsible to the legislature. There is a collective responsibility, that is, each minister's responsibility is the responsibility of the whole Council.

3. Dual executive: There are two executives the real executive and the titular executive. The nominal executive is the head of state (president or monarch) while the real executive is the Prime Minister, who is the head of government.

4. Secrecy of procedure: A prerequisite of this form of government is that cabinet proceedings are secret and not meant to be divulged to the public.

5. Leadership of the Prime Minister: The leader of this form of government is the Prime Minister. Generally, the leader of the party that wins a majority in the lower house is appointed as the PM.

6. Bicameral Legislature: Most parliamentary democracies follow bicameral legislature.

7. No fixed tenure: The term of the government depends on its majority support in the lower house. if the government does not win a vote of no confidence, the council of ministers has to resign. Elections will be held and a new government is formed.

10. We adopted parliamentary democracy based on the British model, but how does our model differ from that model? [U.P.S.C. (Pre) 2021]

1. As regards legislation, the British Parliament is supreme or sovereign but in India, the power of the Parliament to legislate is limited.

2. In India, matters related to the constitutionality of the Amendment of an Act of the Parliament are referred to the Constitution Bench by the Supreme Court.

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

Correct Answer: (a) 1 & 2 only
Solution:The Parliamentary sovereignty is a principle of the UK constitution. It makes Parliament the supreme legal authority in the UK, which can create or end any law. Generally, the courts cannot overrule its legislation and no Parliament can pass laws that future Parliaments cannot change. Therefore, statement 1 is correct.

But, India follows constitutional government where the power of Parliament to legislate is limited by the constitution. In the case of India, the concept of Basic Structure has moulded the Judiciary to a certain extent; the Basic Structure Principle has stood as a pillar for the Indian Judiciary. It gives the power to the Judiciary to curb any Action of the Legislature and the Executive branch if it is found to be found contradictory.

The provision for a Constitution bench has been provided in the Constitution of India under Article 143 and Article 145(3), It is the Chief Justice of India who is constitutionally authorized to constitute a constitution bench and refer cases to it. A constitution bench consists of at least five or more judges of the court Who are set up to decide substantial questions of law with regard to the interpretation of the constitution in a case. Statement 2 is also correct.

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