Electrical Energy Part-II

Hot springs are also more commonly known as hydrothermal springs and geothermal springs. These structures hold geothermally heated water present in craters on the earth's surface. The water in the hot springs gets heated due to interacting with the hot mantle present below the earth's crust. The water in the hot springs is rich in minerals and iron with the presence of silica, carbon dioxide and carbonate minerals. People generally are attracted to the hot springs for relaxation and therapeutic purposes. One of the most common ways for the formation of hot springs is the deposition of rainwater on the surface of the earth in a carter which later on interacts with the hot magma beneath the earth's surface and gets heated. Fractures and fissures then initiate the flow of water into deeper depths of the hot mantle, which in turn creates a massive amount of pressure due to which the water is forced back to the surface. The intensity of pressure beneath the surface of the earth determines how fast and further the water will flow to the surface. Hot springs also tend to generate a massive amount of steam due to the presence of intensive heat.

The project is also known as Jagdishpur - Haldia & Bokaro - Dhamra Pipeline Project (JHBDPL) project. It was launched in 2016 and will cater to the energy requirements of five states namely Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha and West Bengal. This pipeline will connect six districts in Bihar to the National Gas Grid. The project will provide access to clean natural gas for industries, CNG for vehicles and PNG for homes, promoting a sustainable lifestyle. Total length of pipeline under Pradhan Mantri Urja Ganga Project is approx. 3,384 km, out of which 766 km of pipeline is in Odisha state and the balance 2,618 km is in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal & Assam.
The seven main station cities include Varanasi, Patna, Bokaro, Jamshedpur, Kolkata, Ranchi, Bhubaneswar and Cuttack as the major beneficiaries of the project. The project is being implemented by GAIL.

Solar technologies use clean energy from the sun rather than polluted fossil fuels. There are two main types: solar thermal, which uses solar energy to heat water, and solar photovoltaic (PV), which uses solar cells to transform sunlight into electricity. Global solar adoption is increasing as a result of declining costs and expanding access to clean energy (SDG 7). India can achieve its climate commitments in an environmentally sustainable manner, lessen its dependency on imported fuels, and promote social inclusion (SDG 10) by expanding access to solar applications and increasing solar capacity to 450 GW by 2030. Because of its boundless potential, solar energy is a vital ally for sustainable development. Solar energy utilises the sun's radiant light and heat to generate useful energy services like electricity, heating, cooling, lighting, or mechanical work. In recent years, solar technology has emerged as an important renewable energy source with significant potential to meet the world's energy needs in an eco-friendly manner.

Petroleum, also called crude oil, is a fossil fuel. Like coal and natural gas, petroleum was formed from the remains of ancient marine organisms, such as plants, algae, and bacteria.